Role of Merger and Acquisition

Question: Compose an exposition on Role of Merger and Acquisition in Singapore. Answer: Presentation The reason for this exposition paper is to uncover the greatest advertising updates on 2015 in Singapore. As indicated by the statistical surveying, it has been resolved that the merger and securing has gotten one of the most critical approaches to improve the state of the organization (PwC, 2016). In the serious universe of business, there are numerous worldwide organizations doing same business, merger or obtaining causes the organization to decrease the quantity of contenders and increment the administration quality. In the financial plan of Singapore 2010, mergers and acquisitions (MA) plans are acquainted with improve the administration quality, client steadfastness in Singapore so the associations can ready to build the ability of the business through these two procedures. The mergers and acquisitions plans are re-presented in 2015 and 2016 once more. Primary Body of Analysis: Job of Merger and Acquisition in Singapore: The estimation of Merger and Acquisition has multiplied in 2015, from the most confided in channel of Asia, it tends to be comprehended that mergers and Acquisitions help Singapore to bounce up to US$101.2 from US$50.7 billion. In a range of only 1 year, the worth has multiplied. It is one of the fruitful consolidating so far in the realm of economy (Garg, 2013). Prior to diving deep into the examination, it is important to comprehend the job of Merger and Acquisition in the development of the association. Other than obtaining, mergers can be occurred in different structures, for example, buying of benefits, trade of offer with resources, buy basic offer and trade share for shares (https://www.accaglobal.com, 2016). There is Merger Efficiency hypothesis, which is delineating the job of Mergers and Acquisitions. With the assistance of these speculations, Merger and Acquisitions can be comprehended. There are a few speculations on this like Differential Efficiency Theory Wasteful Management Theory Cooperative energy (Channel News Asia, 2016) Unadulterated Diversification Key realignment for Changing Environment and Undervaluation Among the few different speculations, two driving hypotheses are Disciplinary and Synergistic Merger Motives. Strage, (2010) expressed that Disciplinary mergers hypothesis is recommending that MA target such directors of firms, whose theme is plainly determined by the goals not by the benefit amplification (Strage, 2010). From the statistical surveying, What-when-how.com, (2016) delineated that mergers in Singapore are presented by some particular destinations like here supervisors don't just concentrate on benefit amplification yet in addition focus on the benefit boost. Then again, Ahmad (2015) opined that Synergistic Merger Theory is inverse, in which firm troughs are attempting to accomplish the presentation by consolidating the business with target. From the above outline, the critical MA can be extricated. Effect of the takeover available of Singapore This takeover has noteworthy effect on the development of the whole country. The positive effects of the merger and securing of the organizations on the investor will be portrayed. Quality: Service nature of Singapore carrier industry can be improved through this fruitful takeover. Obtaining assists with improving the administration characteristics well as the profitability of the association (Reed and Lajoux, 2011). With the fruitful takeover, the association can ready to improve the presentation of the association. Indeed, even the overseeing group of Singapore is indicating enthusiasm for this obtaining procedure. Cost: At the hour of procurement, parent organization or Giant Company needs to pay a whole of cash and later this takeover assists with lessening the expense of the organization identified with administration (PwC, 2016). Because of the amalgamation, the organization can diminish the operational expense of the organization and later this expense can be executed in the government assistance of the travel industry. With the assistance of the takeover, the administration of the association can ready to offer better quality support to end clients in low value (McManus and Hergert, 2012). Clients: Service clients are the prime partner of each association. Organizations should pass judgment on the buying conduct of the clients and request of the clients. In light of the two variables, clients administration can be apportioned to the clients. This takeover empowers the clients to profit better assistance in low value (Iras.gov.sg, 2016). Frequently it is seen that the clients are grumbling about the short takes however now with the joining of short take circumstance can be settled. They will get best assistance from that goliath organization. Contenders: Competitors are another noteworthy part of each organization. This securing encourages the clients of the association to benefit better help without spending a lot. It is a presenting danger for other aircraft industry of same and various nations (Scribd, 2016). The carrier business is brimming with contenders however because of this procurement, in any event one contender is dispensed with. Obtaining may permit different contenders to organize with the cost increments. Negative Impacts of this takeover Aside from the positive factors, this takeover accompanies a few negative perspectives moreover. Move of intensity can be the serious issue in future (Maji, 2013). Little organizations can ready to take own choice yet at the same time the force shifts starting with one hand then onto the next and this can influence the hierarchical structure. Authoritative structure and culture can likewise be influenced because of this. The organization, which has blended requirements to get critical changes culture and structure of the association; else, it is inconceivable for the association to support their position (Singapore Business Review, 2016). Representatives are the key partner of the organization and takeover can influence their exhibition. This expansion the inclination of exchanging organizations, the executives ought to give them preparing to hold them in the association. Investor is the significant issue of the organization, because of takeover, regularly it is seen that investor looses all their confidence on the organization (PwC, 2016). At that point, combining amazing organizations have taken over less ground-breaking organizations so the representatives or investor may accept that the monetary situation of the less incredible organization isn't all around ok so they attempt to look through new organizations (Bessembinder and Zhang, 2014). Then again, securing may have negative effect on the administration level. Securing can be very confounding regarding lost relationship with the current esteemed clients, transmission of deals positions and commission rate (Garg, 2013). Proposal From the investigation of the paper, it very well may be resolved that the consolidating and procurement has huge effect on the development of the market as it assists with expanding the development of whole industry. Alongside that the whole investor are profited because of this choice. On the off chance that it decided from the showcasing viewpoint, it has been seen that it is the best choice in the Singapore up until this point. This takeover assists with improving the economy of the nation. End From the above conversation, it tends to be inferred that Mergers and Acquisitions are the significant benefit for each organization just as for country. With the effective takeover of the little organizations by enormous organizations has noteworthy effect on the development of the Singapore Business. With this effective development, the overseeing collection of Singapore can ready to expand their GDP (Ahmad, 2015). To maintain the business tasks easily, it is fundamental for the administration of the association to follow the assets and exercises of the association and afterward apply the techniques in the hierarchical procedure (https://www.accaglobal.com, 2016). The extent of the advertising is relying upon the size and enormous organization is consistently at the beneficial situation as far as Mergers and Acquisitions, so the promoting trough should take the choices adequately. References Ahmad, A. (2015). Corporate Governance in Banks Undergoing Merger and Acquisition. SSRN Electronic Journal. Bessembinder, H. what's more, Zhang, F. (2014). Eruption to Merger and Acquisition Announcements. SSRN Electronic Journal. Channel NewsAsia. (2016). Mama bargains in Singapore practically twofold in 2015. [online] Available at: https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/business/m-a-bargains in-singapore/2335556.html [Accessed 6 Jun. 2016]. Garg, S. (2013). Merger and procurement ppt. [online] Slideshare.net. Accessible at: https://www.slideshare.net/SwatiGarg2/merger-and-securing ppt [Accessed 6 Jun. 2016]. https://www.accaglobal.com, A. (2016). Mergers and acquisitions in Singapore | ACCA Global. [online] Accaglobal.com. Accessible at: https://www.accaglobal.com/in/en/part/bookkeeping business/bits of knowledge/mama singapore.html [Accessed 6 Jun. 2016]. Iras.gov.sg. (2016). Mergers and Acquisitions Allowance - IRAS. [online] Available at: https://www.iras.gov.sg/irashome/Businesses/Companies/Working-out-Corporate-Income-Taxes/Claiming-Allowances/Mergers-and-Acquisitions-Allowance/[Accessed 6 Jun. 2016]. Maji, M. (2013). Merger and Acquisition in Information Technology Sector. SSRN Electronic Journal. McManus, M. what's more, Hergert, M. (2012). Enduring merger and securing. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman. PwC. (2016). Empowering development and internationalization. [online] Available at: https://www.pwc.com/sg/en/singapore-financial plan 2015/bc01-03.html [Accessed 6 Jun. 2016]. PwC. (2016). Mergers and Acquisitions. [online] Available at: https://www.pwc.com/sg/en/bargains/mergers-acquisitions.html [Accessed 6 Jun. 2016]. Reed, S. what's more, Lajoux, A. (2011). The craft of M A. New York: McGraw-Hill. Scribd. (2016). Hypotheses of Mergers. [online] Available at: https://www.scribd.com/doc/22679793/Theories-of-Mergers [Accessed 6 Jun. 2016]. Singapore Business Review. (2016). Year in audit: Here are the ten greatest mergers and acquisitions in Singapore for 2014. [online] Available at: https://sbr.com.sg/business property/in-center/year-in-audit here-are-ten-greatest mergers-and-acquisitions

Programming Independence Essentially Protects The Auditor S Ability Accounting Essay

Programming Independence Essentially Protects The Auditor S Ability Accounting Essay Programming freedom basically secures the reviewers capacity to choose the most suitable system when directing a review. Reviewers must be reasonable for approach a bit of work in whatever way they think about best. As a customer organization develops and leads new exercises, the reviewers approach will probably need to adjust to represent these. What's more, the evaluating calling is a powerful one, with new procedures continually being created and updated which the evaluator may choose to utilize. While insightful freedom ensures the evaluators capacity to actualize the methodologies in whatever way they think about essential. Fundamentally, inspectors must have boundless access to all organization data. Any inquiries with respect to a companys business and bookkeeping treatment must be replied by the organization. The assortment of review proof is a basic procedure, and can't be limited in any capacity by the customer organization. Detailing freedom ensures the reviewers capacity to decide to uncover to the open any data they accept ought to be revealed. In the event that organization chiefs have been misdirecting investors by distorting bookkeeping data, they will endeavor to keep the inspectors from detailing this. It is in circumstances like this when evaluator autonomy is destined to be undermined. Autonomy is crucial to the unwavering quality of examiners reports. Those reports would not be valid, financial specialists and leasers would have certainty with them, if inspectors were not autonomous in both truth and appearance. To be trustworthy, a reviewers supposition must be founded on a goal and unbiased appraisal of whether the budget summaries are given decently in similarity sound accounting guidelines. Then again, Frank guaranteed that Auditor freedom assists with guaranteeing quality reviews and adds to budget summary clients dependence on the monetary detailing process. An evaluator who is free in truth can settle on autonomous review choices regardless of whether there is an apparent absence of autonomy or if the inspector is put in a conceivably trading off position.(2007) Nonetheless, in any event, when the reviewer is in reality autonomous, at least one variables may lead general society to accept the examiner doesn't seem autonomous. This may make clients of budget reports accept they can't depend on money related data. At mean time, reviewer should take obligations regarding recognizing material blunders and material misrepresentation. Since in Xerox, they are many bookkeeping controls can without much of a stretch reason misrepresentation, the review should discover those extortion, recognized and announced those extortion hazard. Q6: The principal faulty bookkeeping control is speeding up of rent income acknowledgment from packaged leases. This control will influence incomes account, since Xerox quickened the rent income acknowledgment by apportioning a higher bit of the rent installment to the hardware rather than the administration or financing action. By reallocating incomes from the account and administration action to the gear, Xerox had the option to perceive more prominent incomes in the present revealing time frame as opposed to conceding income perceive to future periods. There are two examiner systems can suit for this condition. First is utilize inner system, recalculation: checking the scientific precision of archives or records. Second it outer strategy, affirmation: the way toward getting a portrayal from an outsider. For sketchy quickened of rent income from rent cost increment augmentations, increment in the lingering estimations of rented hardware and increasing speed of incomes from portfolio resource technique exchanges. Each one of those three control will build income record and pay articulation. Since in transient it will prompt increment switch, however it penance the drawn out benefit. To secure organization long haul benefit, reviewer should perception all the procedures and method the performed. Then again inspector should re-execution, it implies the evaluators autonomy execution of methods recently performed by substance staff. For faulty control of stores. This control will influence value account. Since Xerox set up a securing save for obscure business hazard and random business to the hold record to expand acquiring. It implies Xerox put cash in value record to forestall potential hazard, however it disconnected to costs. It simple causes extortion. Reviewer can utilize perception methodology, to taking a gander at procedures and techniques being performed or use request strategy, to looking for data from learned people. For faulty control of other pay. This control will influence cost and costs account. Since Xerox choose to perceive the majority of the intrigue pay during period years. The expense and costs record will lessen in period years, and interim make that years report look better. To suitability of this training, review should utilize logical system. Contrast the date and comparative earlier period date, to keep the report equity. For faulty inability to reveal figuring exchanges. This control will influence incomes record and resource account. From material, we can realize Xerox offered future money from receivable record to neighborhood banks for sure fire money. It caused Xerox to have a solid money position in the current year, similar to the incomes record will increment, then again offered receivables to bank must take some lost. The advantage account must diminish. It additionally simple cost misrepresentation. Reviews can utilize assessment of substantial resources and systematic methodology. Review of unmistakable resources can discover the all out resource increment or diminishing. Xerox organization inability to uncover considering exchange should record in yearly report, so utilize explanatory method will unveil this issue. REF: Arens.,Best., Shailer.,Fiedler.,Elder.,Beasley. (2010). Basics of Auditing, Assurance Services Ethics in Australia. Chris Richardson Plain D. (2007). CPAs Views on Auditor Independence. Society of Certified Public Accountants

How Sigmund Freud Viewed Women

How Sigmund Freud Viewed Women History and Biographies Print Freuds Perspective on Women By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on June 30, 2019 Imagno / Getty Images More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Penis Envy How Methods Emerged Women in Freud’s Life Women in Psychoanalysis Opposing Viewpoints Understanding Freud Today View All Back To Top Sigmund Freud’s views on women stirred controversy during his own lifetime and continue to evoke considerable debate today. Women oppose change, receive passively, and add nothing of their own, he wrote in a 1925 paper entitled The Psychical Consequences of the Anatomic Distinction Between the Sexes. Donna Stewart, M.D., a professor and chair of women’s health at the University Health Network, explained, Freud was a man of his times. He was opposed to the women’s emancipation movement and believed that women’s lives were dominated by their sexual reproductive functions. The great question that has never been answered, and which I have not yet been able to answer, despite my thirty years of research into the feminine soul, is What does a woman want? Freud once mused in  Sigmund Freud: Life and Work  by Ernest Jones. Freud Believed Women Experience Penis Envy Penis envy is the female counterpart to Freud’s concept of castration anxiety. In his theory of psychosexual development, Freud suggested that during the phallic stage (around ages 3 to 5 years) young girls distance themselves from their mothers and instead devote their affections to their fathers. According to Freud, this occurs when a girl realizes that she has no penis. Girls hold their mother responsible for their lack of a penis and do not forgive her for their being thus put at a disadvantage, Freud suggested (1933). While Freud believed that his discovery of the Oedipal complex and related theories such as castration anxiety and penis envy were his greatest accomplishments, these theories are perhaps his most criticized. Female psychoanalysts such as Karen Horney and other feminist thinkers have described his ideas as distorted and condescending. The counterpoint  theory to the Oedipal complex is the Electra complex. Many of Freuds Methods Emerged From His Treatment of Hysteria Freud’s revolutionary talk therapy evolved in part from his work with Bertha Pappenheim, who is known as Anna O. Suffering from what was then referred to as hysteria, she experienced a variety of symptoms that included hallucinations, amnesia, and partial paralysis. During sessions with one of Freud’s colleagues, Joseph Bruer, Pappenheim described her feelings and experiences. This process seemed to alleviate her symptoms, which led her to dub the method the talking cure. Pappenheim went on to become a social worker and made significant contributions to the women’s movement in Germany. Initially, Freud suggested that the causes of hysteria were rooted in childhood sexual abuse. He later abandoned this theory and instead emphasized the role of sexual fantasies in the development of a variety of neuroses and illnesses. His understanding of women was notoriously inadequate, but he did make great steps beyond what was understood about women when he came on the scene. It was very unusual in Freuds time even to acknowledge that women had sexual desire, much less to say that the repression of their sexual desire could make them hysterical, explained historian Peter Gay. Who Were the Women in Freud’s Life? While Freud often claimed that he had little understanding of women, several women played important roles in his personal life. Freud was his mother’s eldest child (his father had two older sons from a previous marriage) and has often been described as her special favorite. I have found that people who know that they are preferred or favored by their mothers give evidence in their lives of a peculiar self-reliance and an unshakable optimism which often bring actual success to their possessors, Freud once commented. Freud’s relationship with his wife, Martha, was very traditional. She was a very good hausfrau (housewife), explained his granddaughter, Sophie Freud. She was very thrifty. And my father would say that his mother would rather poison the whole household than throw food away. Freud was raised with several sisters and later became the father of three sons and three daughters, including Anna Freud, who played a major role in carrying on her father’s work. Important Women in Psychoanalysis While Freud described women as inferior to men, many women were instrumental in the development and advancement of psychoanalysis. The first woman to join Freud’s Vienna Psychoanalytic Society was Helene Deutsch in 1918. She published the first psychoanalytic book on women’s sexuality and wrote extensively on topics such as the psychology of women, female adolescence, and motherhood. The seminal psychoanalyst (and supposedly Carl Jungs one-time lover) Sabina Spielrein also had an important influence on the development of psychoanalysis. She was originally one of Jungs patients. During the early years of the Freud and Jung friendship, the two men spent a considerable amount of time discussing Spielreins case which helped shape many of their views. Spielrein herself is also credited with developing the concept of the death instincts and for introducing psychoanalysis in Russia. Psychoanalyst Karen Horney became one of the first critics of Freud’s views on feminine psychology. ?Melanie Klein  became a prominent member of the psychoanalytic community and developed the technique known as play therapy, which is still widely used today. Additionally, his own daughter, Anna Freud, played a vital role in advancing many of her father’s theories and contributed greatly to child psychoanalysis. Some Opposing Viewpoints Not surprisingly, some important figures in psychology had their own responses to Freuds limited and often offensive take on female psychology. Karen Horney was one such critic, taking on Freuds concept of penis envy and providing her own take on male psychology. Even Freuds own granddaughter would later offer up criticism of her famous relative. Karen Horney:  Freud’s concept of penis envy was criticized in his own time, most notably by psychoanalyst Karen Horney. She suggested that it is men who are adversely affected by their inability to bear children, which she referred to as womb envy. Freuds Response:  Freud responded, although indirectly, writing, We shall not be very greatly surprised if a woman analyst who has not been sufficiently convinced of the intensity of her own wish for a penis also fails to attach proper importance to that factor in her patients (Freud, 1949). According to Freud, Horney’s concept of womb envy emerged as a result of her own supposed penis envy. Sophie Freud:  While Freud’s notions of female sexuality often ran contrary to the patriarchal tendencies of the Victorian era, he was still very much a man of his time. His work is often dismissed as misogynistic and his own granddaughter, Sophie Freud, described his theories as outdated. His ideas grew out of society. He mirrored in his theories the belief that women were secondary and were not the norm and didnt quite measure up to the norm, she explained. Final Thoughts:  Even Freud himself admitted that his understanding of women was limited. That is all I have to say to you about femininity, he wrote in 1933. It is certainly incomplete and fragmentary and does not always sound friendly... If you want to know more about femininity, enquire of your own experiences of life, or turn to poets, or wait until science can give you deeper and more coherent information. Understanding Freuds Views Today Today, many analysts suggest that rather than reject Freud’s theories outright, we should instead focus on developing new views on his original ideas. As one writer said, Freud revised his theories many times as he accumulated new data and reached fresh insights. Contemporary analysts should do no less. Sources:

Brigadier General John C. Caldwell in the Civil War

Essay About Harm Of Computer Games

Essay About Harm Of Computer Games Games are inevitable in the life of modern people. In the past there were only two kinds of games available to people: outdoor or indoor. But today the interest of youngsters is tied to various video games. Children go mad about those and, unfortunately, some parents don’t pay enough attention to this problem. They are happy to enjoy their free time without any worries considering where their kid is, or what active outdoor game to invent for him. But such behavior can bring about many unhappy results. In order for children to develop, they need to be in motion, to be involved in many different activities. But when playing a video or computer game, neither their muscles, nor intellect is trained. Children can even become addicted to this dangerous activity and will stop communicating with their friends. They will end up alone having no real life, just a virtual one. However, there is a way for children to play some games on computer without any serious harm for their health and development. Parents just have to limit the time of computer usage for kids and allow them to play only those games that are beneficial for development of main skills and intellect. A couple of hours per day will be enough for educational purposes. The kid will learn some new skills and then can go into the street and play some active games or practice the newly-acquired knowledge. To sum up, it is up for parents to decide what is

Napoleon Bonaparte A Powerful Person Of The French...

Napoleon Bonaparte was one of the most powerful person of the French Revolution. Today, many countries world-wide still remember his name because observing his legacy; his name will be forever in the human history. â€Å"Napoleon Bonaparte was born in 1769, in Ajaccio, Corsica, France. He died in 1821, on the island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. Napoleon was the most distinguished leaders in the history of the West† (â€Å"Napoleon†). According to the article, Napoleon’s dreams were to organize France by creating new reforms to make France more organized with self-regulations. One of the most admirable concepts that he had was his perseverance to reach his achievements to make the changes in France, which were in education, law, and finance. Napoleon’s goals were to establish reforms to organize education, law, finance, and religion. Furthermore, he was well know as a revolutionary military with experience in organization, training, and go od administrators in the government. He decided to develop the following reform, which he considered as a very important basis for the government. Napoleon built many new lycees, schools for boys age 10 to 16. He recognized the importance of education in producing citizens capable of filling positions in his bureaucracy and military. Although he did not create a system of mass education, education was more available to the middle class than it ever had been before. (â€Å"Reforms†). According to the article, this step wasShow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution: Napoleon Essay954 Words   |  4 Pages The French Revolution was a period of social and political turmoil in France from 1789 to 1799 that greatly affected modern and French history. It marked the decline of powerful monarchies and the rise of democracy, individual rights and nationalism. 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Write an essay Black Men & Public Space & on Dumpster Diving- Sample

Question: Write an essay of at least three pages comparing and contrasting the rhetorical situations of the two essays? Answer: Just Walk On By: Black Men and Public Space by Brent Staples(p. 394-98) and On Dumpster Diving by Lars Eighner (p. 139-51) The pressure from society to be both accepting and open in nature for being able to progress with true equality is considered to be a wonderful thought. Nonetheless, there are stereotypes that are associated with the different forms of culture, races and gender and these defined perceptions till date leads to injustice on mankind and put forward a hindrance when it comes to a truly equal future. The essay by Brent Staples Just Walk on By: Black Men and Public Space in this context is an extremely thought provoking read. The purpose of this essay is to showcase how the aspects of racism and unconscious prejudice still exist in the mind of the common man. He talks about his personal experiences and reminiscences about how he dealt with it (Cohen). Staples was born in 1951 and has a PHD in philosophy from University of Chicago and was a journalist by profession. This essay as written for a magazine in the year 1986 (Rich, Smith and Thompson). The speaker in this essay is the author himself as he describes himself as a broad six feet two inches, a large man. Similarly it may be seen that in the essay On Dumpster Divingby Lars Eighner, which is a piece of work from his work Travels with Lizbeth and deals with his experiences of homelessness (Eighner). Unlike Staples, Eighner was a gay erotica writer and also a former assistant ward worker with the Austin state hospital. While in Staples work the author refers to himself in the third person, Eigher uses the first person to talk about his homelessness and his thoughts reading that time period in a personal voice (Aaron and Kuhl). Both pieces of writing takes in social issues and themes and voices them by using the individual frame. The encounters that Brent Staples unfurls in his writing are those that he had with the people around him, who perceived him as a threat as he was a black man. He outlines incidences where women ran away from him in the streets, how he was forcibly asked to leave a jewellery store and also one painful incidence where he was perceived as a burglar, though mistakenly, at his own place of work. The author uses imagery and descriptive writing to recreate the experiences for the reader (DiYanni). Eigner on the other hand, while speaking about his homeless days, reflects on the life that he termed as scavenger and draws a deep analogy of what is considered by the society as trash. He starts with his fascination towards dumpsters and dumpster diving and introduces the readers to this way of life which many would look down upon with contempt (Cohen). Both Staples and Eigner had their essays published in magazines while pointed towards the fact that they wanted their chosen readers to be from a broad category. This included both male and female readers of various different age groups. However, a greater portion of Staples essay reached out to the black audiences since many of them could identify with tier own experiences that was similar to that of Staples and open up a differential point for the White counterparts making them realise how racism and differential treatment made the victimised individuals feel (Peterson, Brereton and Hartman). On the other hand, since Eigner dealt with a social issue that pointed towards hunger, homelessness and the depiction of what would presumably trash for an individual while necessity for another, this reached out to readers irrespective of irrespective of their age, colour or race. In conclusion it may be stated that based on the following analysis of the authors, purpose, and context of Staples and Eigners essays, it can be concluded that although they differ in many ways, they share underlying similarities that make their readers want to become more socially engaged. Even though the two essays were on two different topics, yet they both attempted to make powerful social contribution. While Staples essay outlined racial differences and the evils of the society when it came to how they looked upon individual because of their differences, Eigner outlined how society as a whole looked down upon individual who were different from the others on a socio economic strata and never failed to demarcate their disgust from their rational viewpoint when it came to judging the dumpster divers lowly lifestyle. The main highlight of Eigners essay was to implore the individuals of the society to never give up on their ventures also leaves a message to the society to change the ir views regarding what they think may be discarded as trash. References Aaron, Jane E, and Ellen Kuhl.The Compact Reader. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2011. Print. Cohen, Samuel S.50 Essays. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007. Print. DiYanni, Robert.Fifty Great Essays. New York: Pearson Longman, 2008. Print. Eighner, Lars.Travels With Lizbeth. Print. Peterson, Linda H, John C Brereton, and Joan Hartman.The Norton Reader. New York: Norton, 1996. Print. Rich, Mari, Olivia J Smith, and Clifford Thompson.World Authors, 1985-2000. New York: H.W. Wilson, 2003. Print.

A New Technology of Cloning Humans essays

A New Technology of Cloning Humans essays Is cloning the new method to treat human beings in the future? Recently, there has been an argument about cloning a human being. When it comes to cloning, people seem to want it both ways: "no" to reproductive cloning on moral grounds and "yes" to therapeutic cloning on scientific grounds. But, which one is the right decision? Human therapeutic cloning helps the ill to recover more efficiently. Therapeutic cloning helps recreate cells and tissues for better health. The Advanced Cell Technology say: 'therapeutic cloning is cloning for the possibility of recreating young cells and tissues potentially of any kind, genetically identical to the person who needs them, to replace worn out cells and tissues? (www.advancedcell.com). This therapy would help patients with Parkinson's disease and spinal cord injury, heart muscle cells for heart failure, cartilage for arthritis, pancreatic cells for diabetes, as well as many others. Cells are obtained from embryos during women first stage of fertilization. This is one problem that part of society is concern about. They think this act is against moral grounds. Politicians are very concerned with this new therapy method too. They rail against the scientists and try to prohibit a whole tide of research. But such social and political responses ignore the dynamism of medical science its complexity and possibility. At this point, society and politicians have asked many questions to this new issue. Are women allowed to do this? Should there be a restriction on who is able to provide embryos? Is this against religious judgment? But, adult women are capable of their own decisions. If she has chosen to be a donor, it's because she needs a financial support, and at the same time she wants to help people not capable to ideally complete certain present treatments. Before she donates, she is aware of the causes and consequences for which she'd ...

Caribbean Governance the Impact of the Global Economic Crisis Essay Example

Caribbean Governance the Impact of the Global Economic Crisis Essay Example Caribbean Governance the Impact of the Global Economic Crisis Essay Caribbean Governance the Impact of the Global Economic Crisis Essay ABSTRACT: The importance of an efficient and effective Caribbean in the delivery of economic and social development is a long-standing theme of development policy. This however has not always been the case and the result is a Caribbean repeating past mistakes and compromising in some cases the theme of the development strategy. Global recession has consistently tested the resolve of the Caribbean and to this end there is a need to address the factors that have consistently led to the economic decline of the island states. This paper examines the recent experience of the Commonwealth Caribbean in dealing with the current Global economic crisis with a particular focus on Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago. It begins by examining the signs and the effect on each island. The paper then identifies five key issues that have emerged as factors contributing to and needing the attention of the heads in order to ameliorate against an occurrence in the future: regionalism, integration, transparency and governance are examined as being overarching themes the fundamental problems are dealt with individually within the essay. In each case the background to its contribution to the problem is given along with the solution to the problem. A history examining the recession as a new phenomenon and by extention unprecedented is assessed. The paper concludes by discussing one key dimension of the global economic crisis experience: globalisation and the importance of politics in promoting and sustaining a successful relationship with the rest of the world. The final section sums up the main points. The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author (Jepter Lorde) and do not necessarily reflect the views of The University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus or its Board of Directors and/or Board of Governors. It is a fact that the world economy is facing the worst financial crisis since the great depression. It can be argued the crisis is taking place at a time when Caribbean countries are grappling with over arching themes of structural adjustment, transparency and governance as well as globalisation, integration and regionalism issues indicating a Caribbean challenged. It is clear that these reoccurring themes are a reflection of the global economic situation and can threaten to reverse the few gains made by the region in recent years. The general consensus therefore is that the near unprecedented period of national recession currently being experienced in English and non English speaking Caribbean islands should be confronted with bold, swift and concerted actions to reduce the potential negative effects of the crisis on these developing states. ECLAC or The Economic Commission for Latin America and Caribbean clearly articulates five main channels of impact or signs that can serve as lead indicators to the crisis they are financial contagion, excessive external borrowing, and reduction in foreign direct investment, external demand reduction of goods and services, reduced workers’ remittances as well as changes in relative prices (particularly commodity prices). It is the position of this essay that the present situation is not unprecedented, this essay will seek to clearly identify the signs of the crisis and the corollary effects, as previously articulated by ECLAC, while at the same time outlining the factors that account for the exposure of the national state to this current state of affairs. Attention will be paid to three Caribbean islands where the issues are current and dynamic; they are Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago. In order to clearly identify the signs of the crisis it would be intuitive at this time to contextualise the framework within which the essay is structured; the contributing key terms are global recession, crisis and unprecedented. Global recession is widely accepted and can only be confirmed if GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growth is negative for a period of two or more consecutive quarters, by extention a national recession can be defined using the same parameters and be the recipient of a knock on effect attributed to the Global situation (Willis Peterson 2002). A crisis is an end product, manifesting itself after showing signs the organs central to the operation of a system begin functioning erratically; in extreme cases they stop functioning entirely. The result, if the system is to be salvaged, is a slow and painful adjustment. (Barry Eichengreen 2002). External borrowing and the payment of interest rates is not new to the Caribbean and is described by Norman Girvan as being responsible for the single largest movement of money out of the region towards satisfying the myopic, parasitic appetite of an elite imperialist class. This movement has contributed to the perpetual cycle of poverty, dependency and the corollary criminality due to high debt servicing arrangements and the inability of Governments to invest in the social and welfare development of its people, Jamaica therefore is no stranger to this. The lack of good Governance however has lead to a further exacerbation of the condition. In examining good governance and the effect of external borrowing two items of note, the JLP win in 1981 coincided with the election of Ronald Reagan and the Neo-Liberal approach to global economic relations, an ideology the Edward Seaga administration was sympathetic to, the approach signalled not only a change in economic policy direction but also renewed contact between the government of Jamaica and the IMF (Davies 1996). Having articulated a new policy direction the expectation therefore would be a turnaround in the fortunes of the Jamaican economy-this was not to be. The record showed a slowdown in key production sectors of bauxite, agriculture and textiles – to put it bluntly the country was in a worst position than was the case with the former PNP administration after having received more than preferential terms under the JLP administration. One aspect of the relationship was clear; it could not continue (Davies 1996). Clive Thomas offers some insight to the situation, he makes an observation concerning the class relations in the Caribbean but the analysis in the Poor and the Powerless is collectively intuitive, salient and reflective of the relations taking place: â€Å"A fourth observation is that the petty bourgeoisie that presently controls state power is not a homogeneous group, but includes several fractions professionals, political administrative, state-economic, and private and although fractional conflict exists generally, in the absence of an entrenched ruling class, its self-interest leads it to develop closer relations with national private capital. Because of these considerations the state takes on the characteristic of being a state for itself, and in the absence of bourgeois democratic constitutional restraints, it can proceed rapidly to the institutionalization of all forms of corruption. This, we believe, is the central explanatory factor behind the rise of corruption, and the pattern which it has taken in the region, i. e. , it constitutes a means of facilitating the consolidation of an economic base and the enlargement of property held by this class. † The socioeconomic fallout from the association with the International Monetary Fund has stymied the development of the island and as undermined the limited gains made in the post independence era, is the current situation facing Jamaica unprecedented the answer is simply no. The year is 2009 and the incestuous relationship between aspects of the governing elite and unsavoury elements of the society has not so subtly festered to the surface. The JLP is once again in office and scandal of epic proportions has gripped the party with the arrest of Christopher ‘Dudus’ Coke, drug lord, reputed strongman and ‘don’ to the JLP. Horace Campbell Professor of African American and Political studies at Syracuse University had this to say: â€Å"The arrest of Christopher ‘Dudus’ Coke in Kingston has reopened the issues of the use of thugs and gunmen to intimidate the poor in Caribbean. From Mexico to Guyana and from Brazil to Trinidad, gunmen and criminal elements integrated into the cocaine, guns, politics and banking business terrorise the poor and ensure that international capitalism thrives on the backs and bodies of the most oppressed. Dudus had inherited a criminal infrastructure from his father (also known as Jim Brown) that had been organised by politicians to coerce and intimidate the working poor. † The phenomenon of Garrison politics has been around since the 1970 in Jamaica, no doubt having the blessing of the political elite; it has however bought into sharp focus the inability of a Government to govern and to tackle the pressure of a Global and National recession in the face of excessive external borrowing and the filtering of Government funds to support an underworld dominated by gangsters and social parasites. Thirty years later Christopher Coke operates a state within a state funded by Government largesse, patron Clientilism and the sale of illegal drugs. It takes the action of a grand jury in the USA and pressure to be brought to bear on Jamaica’s political elite to expose the attempts made by Prime Minister Bruce Golding to prevent the extradition and his relationship with the Jamaican ‘Don’ by contracting the services of Manatt, Phelps and Phillips to lobby the US Government to discontinue extradition proceedings against ‘Dudus’. While grappling with this the country has found itself in the hands of the IMF to restructure the economy-a familiar refrain. Some seventy three died and prior to this latest embarrassment to the Caribbean hundreds if not thousands dispersed in 1980 in an attempt to settle differences between international capital, the local elite and the lumpenproletariat. Given the present state of affairs it would appear that many more will die but what is more alarming is their lack of knowledge of that fact. The Caribbean and its association to the metropole can be traced back to about five hundred years, from the inception the colonial states were established only to serve the hegemonic and self serving ambitions of a ruling class far removed from the economic deprivation visited upon the inhabitants of the Caribbean. The relationship was brutal and coercive and structured to extract the maximum by way of output while at the same time perpetuating and maintaining constant dependence on the metropole (Eric Williams 1970). Barbados, given its geographic location at the time, had become a victim of the economic structure and showed signs of this during the early stages of the national recession from 1991-1994. The country suffered reduction of foreign direct investment and external demand reduction for goods and services, led by the then DLP administration under the leadership of then Prime Minister Lloyd Erskine Sandiford. This structured economic isolation has its genesis not within the context of a dynamic global economic arena in which Barbados is a contributing player but from a system, long established by the former colonial masters, of Plantation Economy which posits that plantation slavery and specialization in export of primary commodities, in this instance Tourism, has marked the evolution of the societies in which it existed. The plantation economy theorist Lloyd Best explains, â€Å"The legacy of institutions, structures and behaviour patterns of the plantation system are so deeply entrenched that adjustment tends to take place as an adaptation within the bounds of the established framework† (Best 1968, p. 32). The Caribbean economist Norman Girvan contends that the transnational corporation (TNC) is an institution that exists within the â€Å"rules of the game† of the plantation economy. He points out that the historic continuity of foreign ownership, terminal stage of production, limited domestic linkages, repatriation of profits, and persistence of the incalculability of value flows with transfer pricing by TNCs are similar to slave plantation–metropole flows. The tourism product in Barbados resembles exactly the description advanced by Girvan. Undiversified for almost fifty years it depends solely on the England, USA and to a lesser extent Canada for annual tourist arrivals. Major players Hilton, Marriott, Sandy Lane and Four Seasons with the all inclusive package leave most if not all of the spend in the country of origin. Specialist areas within the culinary arts are held by foreign professionals with limited or no transferable skills to local workers. The results are unapologetic; with the fall in investment capital demand as a consequence shifts inward due to the exogenous shock resulting in reduced output in consumption and government spending. With this shortfall in potential output as opposed to actual output unemployment is the result with all of the social ill associated with it. Unprecedented therefore cannot describe the present occurrence because Barbados has experienced it before. The year is 2008 and the Barbados government led once again by the DLP administration has found itself in the unenviable position of managing an economy with reduced output, falling external demand for the mono crop tourism, increase in unemployment and marked increases in criminality as well as reduction in foreign direct investment. This situation has been highlighted by the inability of the country to restart the famed Four Seasons project; it is not difficult to understand the dynamics between International finance capital and local investment. With the impact of the world economic crisis tightening its grip flight of capital was seen as an understood result. The sector depends heavily on the foreign visitor who has stopped travelling, with reduced spend the sector is not seen as attractive by way of investment. The result is a contraction of the industry and the flight of the funds to the metropole of origin the past has once again repeated itself. It is no doubt therefore that civil assignments such as the Four Seasons project valued currently at US five hundred million has been on hold for two years, Merricks Beach Resort and Residence development project unable to secure the funding but also valued at some five hundred million US dollars and the long overdue Bridgetown to Hilton development project are all victims of the dependence on International finance capital and foreign direct investment. These projects are substantial and impact directly on the tourism sector the chief pillar of economic growth to the island. â€Å"It’s outrageous and insane, those crazy prices in Port of Spain†¦. It’s sad, and getting so bad, Oh Lord, capitalism gone mad. This was the cry of the Mighty Sparrow former Calypso King of Trinidad and Tobago in 1983. Prices were described as among the highest in the Caribbean. The latest style from the United States catches on with the unspoken assumption the rest of the Caribbean is be hind the times (Barry et al 1984). An editorial in an Antiguan paper sums up Trinidad at the time: â€Å"Port of Spain is a hustlers paradise, a fair ground with pirates at large, music booming, New York trinkets on the side walk, everybody on a hustle†¦Our diseased and destitute sprawled on the roadsides, our mad directing traffic or otherwise engaging with their demons and quoting the song ‘Capitalism gone mad. † Certainly not the paradise the Caribbean is known for however this clearly shows a Trinidad embracing the negative aspects of both a developed and underdeveloped world. A number of social ills to consider: increased criminality, alienation, decadence and as previously mentioned consumerism of the industrial metropole alongside perpetual poverty, social decay, economic dependence and foreign domination. This essentially summed up what Trinidad had become in the wake of a slump of global oil prices that had once catapulted the island ahead of its regional counterparts (Barry et al 1994). Trinidad had adopted a laid back approach to ownership only seeking tax dollars and production sharing contracts as the basis of relations with the TNC instead of direct ownership of the non renewable. Barry, Wood and Preusch describe the results: â€Å"The in rush of foreign exchange, as a result of petrodollars, into the economy has been largely wasted on lavish import bills rather than transformation of the economy. â€Å"There is no morality left,† wrote one Caribbean commentator. â€Å"It is now a free for all. The paramount value today is money. † The economic expansion ended as prices and demand for oil in global markets retreated. In1982, for the first time in eight years, the country suffered a trade deficit which totaled some two hundred million dollars. Put bluntly by the then Prime Minister George Chambers in the 1983 budget report, â€Å"The fete is over. The reality of a situation having its genesis in the global arena but with contributing factors locally saw the economy and most importantly people of Trinidad suffering then as they do now. The contributing factors are that of transparency and good governance on the part of the then Eric Williams admi nistration and an ethnic and class divide that is the result of the imposition of colonial domination has sought to divide and separate the groups (Harewood and Henry 1988, 1989). Once again another island state and once again precedence is set. The year is 2008 many in the Caribbean depend on the charity of friends and families to supplement incomes as well as to serve as a depository for the hard earned foreign currency. Trinidad and Tobago is no different; two major dynamics are being played out the first is the challenge for developing countries to create economic opportunities for trained nationals and second the marginalization of the said countries as a result of globalisation. The result has seen aging economies such as Canada and Europe attracting younger skilled labor from the Caribbean. For these reasons, it is certain that the phenomenon, that is remittances, will be with us for a long time. In Trinidad for example, these remittances have impacted the economy as they represent, although undocumented at some levels, a proportion of foreign exchange earnings, contributing to an improvement of the standard of living of many Trinidadians and Tobagonians, provide finance for balance of payments support, and aided economic growth and development of the economy (Solas 2001). The Inter American Development Bank has lauded the efforts of the Caribbean in this area, it is in fact one of the instances where the thrift of Caribbean people is put to sound economic use. The analysis does not end there, Solas goes on to make three telling summary observations: The profile of a typical recipient in the State mentioned, is lower to lower-middle income or unemployed persons, the frequency of the remittance also speaks to the vital role it plays. For many households, the remittance is the means by which the basic necessities are met and finally income from offshore investments and migrant capital repatriation are typically handled within the formal banking system which consist of finance and insurance services. If for any reason this process is disrupted for any length of time it could therefore have debilitating consequences for the sender, recipient and the economy. With the advent of CL Financial and a viral form of finance capital establishing itself throughout the Caribbean this option of investment has found favour with local as well as foreign Trinidadians hoping to create wealth within the Caribbean by way of remittances, in 2008 hopes of maintaining that discipline were dashed as CL Financial as well as subsidiaries CLICO and BAICO all declared some level of financial distress of varying proportions and the financial contagion once localized to the United States had arrived in the Caribbean. Norman Girvan Professor Emeritus University of the West Indies gives an analysis: â€Å"What we need to think about is the meaning of the facts that have been disclosed in the statement. What these facts tell us about the state of corporate governance in what was one of Caricom’s largest conglomerates and ‘star performers’ in engaging with globalisation. What they tell us about the gaps in regulation and supervision of financial institutions in individual country jurisdictions, and across Caricom as a whole. And what they tell us about the costs of these defects- in corporate governance and in government regulationto governments and to taxpayers. Trinidad has once again found itself in an undefined position and unable to act with the decisive and determined forcefulness needed to bring to heal the pervasive rot that has encircled the Caribbean, this time from within and compromising at the micro level the immediate well being of its citizens. On examining the iss ues class relations must be of importance as this once again has shown itself resilient and poignant with respect to an explanation of the results direction taken by the present administration led by Prime Minister Kamla Persad Bissessar as opposed the decision taken by the then PNM led by Patrick Manning. Initially the PNM seen as a party representing the interest of the black community positioned a 100% payback on all monies deposited, this is however not the case with the present coalition UNC identified with the ethnic Indian population. The entire picture is very confused, which seems to be deliberate. The two investments made in this situation – firstly, the basic and traditional insurance products such as pensions; life, health and general insurance and secondly, the depositor who was seeking high returns. The pension products offered a 12% rate of return, but the short-term depositors were much higher. The current discussion and argument is actually about the repayment of the depositors, not the traditional insurance policyholders. The fate of the policyholders is often invoked by depositors arguing for the return of their own deposits and that is why the separation between the two, which Winston Dookeran Minister of Finance makes, is so important. To quote â€Å"†¦The number of traditional, long term policyholders affected by this crisis, covering pensions, life and health insurance, is around 225,000 persons and accounts for $6 billion in liabilities†¦Ã¢â‚¬  That is an average of $26,666 per policyholder. Again – â€Å"†¦There are approximately 25,000 customers holding these short term contracts, and the liability to this group is in the region of $12 billion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  That is an average of $480,000 per depositor. It is observed however, the voice of the traditional policyholders, who outnumber the depositors nine-to-one, is silent. But then again, it is clear that by far the greater liability lies with the depositors and further, that they appear, on average at least, to be owed about 18 times more than the typical policyholder. The question must be asked who composes the ordinary shareholder and the answer is intuitive it would be the black working class of Trinidad and Tobago who by assessment by Harewood and Henry dominate the class of citizen in Trinidad unable to own the factors of production, have available to them large tracts of cash and therefore could not invest in dubious short term annuities as depositors. Trinidadians who did not invest are faced with the idea of taxpayers’ funds being used to rescue those who placed bets on high-return deposits it by extention will not end there because if the financial sector is seen as dubious and questionable in its operation then small incremental investors will find alternatives thus impacting the industry overall and GDP. CL Financial chiefs and the depositors are being spared the consequences of their decisions by the bailout process. Afra Raymond concludes by making some telling points of identifying those groups as being differently treated from each other. â€Å"Duprey and his cohorts negotiated a Blank-Cheque Bailout at zero interest, without losing any of their assets. That deal is absolutely unique. Our taxpayers have effectively made a huge single loan (probably the largest in the Region’s history) to the wealthiest individual in the Region at Zero interest virtually every relevant professional body and Civic Society organisation has remained silent on this bold-faced attack on our Treasury. Nothing from the Accountants, Lawyers, Bankers, Economists, Trade Unionists or Religious bodies the one recent exception to this has been the call by the Trinidad Tobago Transparency Institute (TTTI) for investigations into the Angostura disaster. The CL Financial bailout has been cloaked in the robes of benevolence and stability, resulting in a situation which has minimized the floods of lawsuits which would have been confronting some of those responsible parties – Auditors, Attorneys, Company Directors and Officers In reality, the common-wealth of our entire society has been pledged to rescue a fortunate few. The CL Financial bailout is in urgent need of re-negotiation, to say the least, it wrong like a biscuit. † It is a refrain that has haunted the island state for many years and each ime the mistakes of the past are repeated the results are more debilitating, it is therefore necessary for the Caribbean to reassess the position and to chart a new way forward. It wil l be intuitive to examine what was done wrong and implement what can be done right. It is by no means an easy undertaking addressing the problems of the Caribbean these problems are complex and entrenched in the colonial relationship of the past, it is believed however that if the attempt is genuinely made by leaders in the region to engage five key areas of interest the effects of the present global recession and any future business cycle fluctuation can be managed and at the same time reducing the impact on the socially vulnerable groups. CARICOM can be described as the world’s second deepest regional integration scheme and as such set the framework for further structural development with the signing of the revised treaty of Chaguaramas creating the Caribbean Single Market and Economy (CSME). Its mandate sets out the free movement of goods, services, capital and certain categories of skilled labour. It also envisions harmonization and coordination of economic policy and eventually a single currency. While ambitions under the CSME are very high, the institutional structure remains minimal. To a greater extent, the CSME still operates in an intergovernmental framework and as such its relevance to a Caribbean faced with exogenous shocks, the likes of which has the ability to erode decades of hard won gains, should be called into question. The link between economic and political integration remains a contentious issue in a region where failed attempts at political unity still haunts the political landscape and where national sovereignty is guarded suspiciously. Decisions are still made by unanimous voting in both the Heads of Government Conference the highest decision making body- and the Council of Ministers. Even the newly created Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) lacks supranational authority in the form of direct effect of decisions. To date Barbados, Guyana and Antigua are signatories to the court but what is even more scandalous is the location of the court within the twin island of Trinidad and Tobago a non signatory and critic to its establishment. The devil therefore is in the details, the lack of commitment on the part of the leaders has left the Caribbean exposed. If the Caribbean had shown the maturity at the time of the West Indian Federation under the leadership of the then Grantley Adams the community would have been more than able to weather the global economic storm and mitigate against a rise in unemployment and foreign direct investment having forged closer ties under the banner of Integration and regionalism. The reasoning is intuitive; with free movement labour will gravitate to where there is effective demand thus alleviating the pressure where there is no effective demand. This is further buttressed by the industrial and merchant capital in the region being able to plan and invest in sectors in the Caribbean collectively thus spreading the risk and directing investment where it is most needed at preferential interest rates and sharing in the profits. The governance debate in the region is currently in abeyance. The lack of application of sound and consistent standards to the operation of the regions administrative business has prevented its ability to adapt to dynamic changes in the global economic environment. The belief therefore is that it should be revived, this time however in a manner which gives greater prominence to the development dimension and provides a broader interpretation of the elements of good governance (Payne and Sutton 2000). This will mean both more deliberative and purposive action by the state at the national and regional levels and more generally a reconsideration of the role of the state in the region. This brings into focus the Jamaica situation in handling the Coke affair. In so doing, the Commonwealth Caribbean must look beyond what Clive Thomas has described as the post colonial development state and the successor neo-liberal state (Thomas, 1998) to a new form of state with greater CSO involvement, a more supportive public sector and a wider vision, characteristics that are sadly lacking in a Caribbean that should know better given its colonial past and association with self serving hegemonic system. It must also be a more pro-active state, given the generally weak record of the private sector outside of a few enclaves in relatively few countries and the Trinidad and CLICO affair is bought into focus. The company was allowed to grow without regulatory control throughout the Caribbean; excuses were made from Trinidad to Barbados to Bahamas with the result being the disadvantage of the working class in the Caribbean. The key here is to build state capacity in state management and planning in addition to the delivery of more effective and efficient public services to its citizens. In short, the role played by the state in the process of governance is another matter that has to be rethought in every dimension if Commonwealth Caribbean development is to proceed. ( Payne and Sutton 2000) Globalisation is not a new problem to be solved and in as much as it is not new the solutions to the problem are just as illusive now as they were more than five hundred years ago. Indication of such a time line confirm that the Caribbean is in fact no stranger to the concept, the Caribbean has had a longer and more direct relationship with the modern economy than any other peripheral sections of the world. It must be noted that identifiable characteristics derive in large part from the extensity, intensity, velocity and impact of its interactions with the core countries of the world systems over the last five hundred years (Payne and Sutton, 2001: 11-20). It is therefore important that the concept is embraced and the extent to which the embrace is to be made articulated in clear and concise terms to the population. The debate and it must move from the realm of debate if it is to have meaningful impact on the way the Caribbean engages the rest of the world is the concept of Strategic Global Repositioning SGR a formula coined by Richard Bernal, Jamaican ambassador to the USA during most of the 1990s. He advanced this concept in a series of presentations from 1996 onwards, defining it as: a process of repositioning a country in the global economy and world affairs by implementing a strategic medium to long term plan formulated from continuous dialogue of the public service, private sector, academic community and the social sector. It involves proactive structural and institutional transformation (not adjustment) focussed on improvement and diversification of exports and international economic and political relations. Achieving SGR requires changes in both internal and external relations. (Bernal, 2000: 311). It required the following disparate and demanding actions: abandoning the traditional mind-set; diversifying exports; adjusting pro-actively; improving human resources; supplementing the skills pool with overseas nationals; developing strategic corporate alliances; creating a business-facilitating environment; improving physical infrastructure; modernising international marketing; and garnering capital, technology and skills (Bernal, 1996: 7-14). Although a vital role was obviously assigned to a dynamic private sector in this vision, SGR also envisaged an important redefinition of the capacity and purpose of the Caribbean state, with a view to making it more effective and generally bringing it into line with the good governance modalities of the PWC. The concept of SGR unquestionably struck a chord with mainstream Commonwealth Caribbean political leaders and was widely embraced, especially by Owen Arthur, the prime minister of Barbados, who gave it voice in a number of forceful speeches delivered in the latter part of the 1990s (Arthur, 1996; 1999). This lapse in economic prudence has left the island state with little option to attempt stabilization and hope that the global environment to which it is inextricably tied improves. In the preceding sections, the essay has had a long, critical look at the period of national recession, identifying the signs of the crisis and an analysis of the factors that might have caused the exposure of the national state. An important aspect of the discussion was the establishing the possible unprecedented nature of the crisis this was seen as important to give a historical land mark for discussion and a benchmark for future recommendations. These signs are not constrained exclusively to any one state and reflect the economic dynamic taking place at the particular time. ECLAC or the economic commission for Latin America and the Caribbean has been able to give a contextual framework by way of identifying the signs of the crisis and the overarching themes served as a bulkhead of both reasons for the crisis and possible solutions for the future. The essay to some extent has tried as well to draw a quantitative picture of the extent and nature of the crisis impact with reference to the research of Harewood and Davies and to a lesser extent Raymond. The signs as articulated by ECLAC begin with, the major findings from the existing literature nothing new to the Caribbean, the issues of financial contagion, excessive external borrowing, and reduction in foreign direct investment, external demand reduction of goods and services, reduced workers’ remittances as well as changes in relative prices (particularly commodity prices). First and foremost, in spite of differences in the vantage points chosen and the theoretical constructs utilised to explain these phenomenon interested observers generally grant that the underlying forces dictating progress in the Caribbean or lack thereof has had a strong element from within. Evidence was presented of failed IMF bailouts, ineffectual administrations, and questionable governance issues. It should be no surprise that academic within and without the Diaspora have raised their voices in opposition. In assessing the signs the positions taken by Davies and Thomas with respect of the class system brings into focus how Caribbean treat to each other and its contribution to the undermining of economic development. Where does the analysis lead by way of conclusion? The essay drew attention at the outset to the importance of Bernals argument about the Commonwealth Caribbeans need for strategic global repositioning, but argued that his formulation of this conception had not been given sufficient critical scrutiny within the region and thus remained underdeveloped intellectually and politically. We identified competitiveness, diplomacy and governance as the formative elements of SGR and have sought in this study to take the debate about SGR forward by working through in turn the key issues that arise in relation to these three policy agendas. They manifestly constitute the most pressing, and intractable, aspects of the Commonwealth Caribbeans current development problematic (Bernal 1996). They also feed off each other in a series of ways that have been repeatedly highlighted. : Eichengreen, Barry,. Financial Crises and What to Do about Them: New York, Oxford University Press, 2002. Peterson, L Willis,. Principles of Economics: IL 60430, Irwin Homewood, 199. Davies, Omar. 1986. The Debt problem in Jamaica: situation and solutions. Mona, Jamaica: University of the West Indies, Dept. of Economics. Thomas, Y Clive. The Poor and the Powerless: Economic Policy and Change in the Caribbean London: Latin America Bureau, 1988) Williams, Eric, Capitalism ; slavery: Chapel Hill, Univers ity of North Carolina Press, 1944. Best, Lloyd. , The mechanisms of plantation-type economies: outlines of a model off pure plantation economy, Social and Economic Studies 17 (3): 283-323. Barry et al. The Other Side of Paradise. New York: Grove Press, Inc 1984. Harewood Henry.. Inequality in a post-colonial society :Trinidad and Tobago, St. Augustine, Trinidad : Institute of Social and Economic Research, The University of the West Indies. | | Payne and Sutton, Repositioning the Caribbean within Globalisation 2001: 11-20 Bernal, Richard. Strategic Global Repositioningand Future Economic Development in Jamaica, North-South Agenda Papers, no. 18, Dante B. Fascell North-South Center University of Miami. TITLE: â€Å"We are currently experiencing a near unprecedented period of national recession in almost every English Speaking Caribbean country. † Clearly identifying the signs of the crisis, what factors in your informed view account for the exposure of the national state to thi s current state of affairs? NAME: Jepter Y Lorde COURSE NAME: Caribbean Governance 1 COURSE NO. : GOVT 3017 INSTRUCTOR: Cynthia Barrow-Giles UNIVERSITY: University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus. DATE: 1st November 2011.

Job eveluation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Job eveluation - Research Paper Example The data collected by means of job evaluation and recapitulated in job descriptions has an array of uses in human resource management, neither of them more fundamental to the entire program of human resource than job assessment and pricing (Reda, 2002). Jointly, job evaluation, and job pricing determine what every job ought to pay. This guarantees that the pay is fair in two manners: internally, so that occupations that are moderately of larger value to the firm are paid more as compared to those of minimal value; and externally, So that rates rewarded to jobs in the firm are competitive with those remunerated by other organizations in the labor market for equivalent work. Job assessment establishes the comparative worth of a job with a different job or several others. It does not place pay rates that are the function of job pricing; relatively, it contrasts jobs with each other or gauges them against an average for instance, an Executive Secretary compared to a Stenographer, the Secretary is at a higher rank than the Stenographer. This sort of information is of importance to the firm since it acts as the basis for many elements in the program of human resource. Foremost, it carries over into the job pricing stage, with the outcome that, occupations of comparatively minimal value are awarded less pay (Rynes and Gerhart, 2000). Secondly, job evaluation identifies present wage inequalities. Job assessment exposes circumstances whereby occupations are not being paid in proportion to their comparative worth. Additionally, job evaluation offers the organization a system for allocating rates of wage to lately generated occupations compliant with their contribution to the organization (Kay, 2005). A novel occupation, for example, an E-mail Order Clerk, can be assessed and put in the apposite grade. This makes certain that the E-mail Clerk Order employed by the organization will be

As part of the Strategic Planning module, students are required to Essay

As part of the Strategic Planning module, students are required to analyze a case study and write a report to the CEO to help hi - Essay Example Table of Contents Introduction – Company background 3 Analysis of IKEA’s Business Model and its Strategic Positioning (Question 1) 3 IKEA’s Internationalisation Strategy 4 The internationalisation in the USA (question 2) 5 Current Asian markets (China and Japan)(question 3) 6 Further Asian Expansion (question 4) 8 Current Business Environment (question 5) 9 PESTEL 9 Industry analysis 10 SWOT 11 TOWS 13 References 14 Appendix 1 – The IKEA Concept 16 APPENDIX 2 Ikea’s International presence 19 Introduction – Company background Founded in 1943 by 17-year-old  Ã‚  in Sweden, IKEA is named as an acronym comprising the initials of the founder's name (Ingvar  Kamprad), the farm where he grew up (Elmtaryd), and his home parish (Agunnaryd, in  Smaland, South Sweden). Today, IKEA is the world’s largest furniture retailer, having pioneered the concept of selling furniture in kits that are later assembled by customers in their own home (IKEA 2011). With its base in Sweden, the company retails affordable flat-pack furniture, accessories, and bathroom and kitchen items in its 253 stores spread over 24 countries at the end of the 2008 financial year. According to IKEA’s data, the company had worldwide sales of about â‚ ¬23.1 billion in the 2008/09 fiscal year – Figure 1 (IKEA 2011). ... IKEA sells a lifestyle that signifies hip design, thrift, and simplicity and targets customers that are seeking value and are therefore willing to participate in the production process by serving themselves, taking the goods, and then assembling them if necessary. It therefore seems as it targets a market niche. The fact that IKEA does not hold a large market share in the geographic markets, except Sweden (Thompson and Martin 2005) may be taken by some as indication that a differentiation strategy is incompatible with high market share as argued by Porter (1980). However, IKEA’s 25% market share in Sweden and its growing market share in other countries (Caplan 2007, Datamonitor 2010a, 2010b) may be taken as an evidence of the opposite. Furthermore, one may argue that the company follows a cost leadership strategy, as it tries to position at the market based on price as its positioning of being ‘different.’ Porter (1985) identified several aspects of establishing c ost leadership, including creating a good product, drawing advantage from many sources, and making cost of part of the organisation’s culture. All these aspects have been integrated into IKEA’s strategy and allow the company to engage in innovative cost management. IKEA’s CEO announced in 2007 that the company has succeeded in reducing prices by approximately about 17% over the last five years (Caplan 2007). Indeed, the company is able to integrate both a differentiation and low cost strategy in such a way that it can pursue both an operational excellence strategy and a product leadership strategy, something that few companies have been able to achieve (Kaplan and Norton 2000). In terms of operational excellence, IKEA’s success is based on the

Biodiversity Impact Of Invasive Plants In Tropical Biodiversity Biology Essay

Biodiversity Impact Of Invasive Plants In Tropical Biodiversity Biology Essay Tropical zone is the biodiversity hot spot (Briggs, 1996) about three-quarters of the worlds species are confined to the tropic of the world (Wilson, 1992). Though tropical forest ecosystems are more resistant to invasion by alien plants than other biome (Edward, 2009), they are exceedingly threatening by invasive species (Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation, biotropica, 2010). Invasive species are creating significant challenges to the management and conservation of the indigenous biodiversity. The distribution of invasive plant species occurred at ecosystem level, community level and at the species level (Meyer et al., 2004). At least one exotic species is present in almost all tropical areas (Usher 1991). Invasive plants alter the local environment more favourable to them but less favourable to the native species (Hoffmann et al., 2004) and thus modified local ecosystem. Biological invasion has become a considerable economic, social, and particularly ecological problem of global impact (Cavalcante and Major, 2006). The important ecological impacts identified include reduction in native plant species richness, abundance and alternation in ecological function (Vitousek Walker, 1989; Adair Groves, 1998; Levine et al., 2003; Ogle, Reiners Gerow, 2003; Vila et al., 2006; Hejda, Pysek Jarosik, 2009 cited in Martin and Murray, 2010). Invasive plant species can covert the large area tropical vegetation to an exotic monoculture and greatly reduce the biodiversity, for example, the number of birds, mammals, tree seedlings were greatly reduced in Australia after the invasion of the area by alien plant species (Braithwaite et al. 1989) and Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) forms large, monotyp ic expanses, with Asia reporting over 35 million acres affected (Garrity et al. 1997). Invasive species are posing a serious threat to biodiversity (IUCN, 2000). The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) has pointed that the impacts of invasive species on the tropical ecosystems are increasing rapidly. Similarly, recognizing the increasing issue of impact of invasive species, Convention on Biological Diversity, call on contracting parties to prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate invasive species that threaten ecosystems, habitats and species Article 8 (h). This systematic review attempt to summarises, appraise and communicate the results  of the available studies to address the impact of invasive plants on tropical biodiversity. This protocol will provide a priori guide and allow scientific communities to comment on methodology and other relevant issues. Diverse studies are available related to impact of invasive plant species on tropical biodiversity. Some studies suggest that invasion of native vegetation by the non native plants does not always lead to decline in native biodiversity (e.g. Sax Gaines, 2003; Sax, Kinlan Smith, 2005). Biological invasions have been the subject of intensive ecological research during the last two decades (Fine 2001). Comprehensive studied have been done for many tropical forests e.g. the Hawaiian Islands (Fine, 2002) but some authors argues that the biological invasion research has generally ignored tropical forests ( Drake et al. 1989, Groves Burdon 1986, Williamson 1996 cited in Fine, 2002). In such contentious situation, it seems quite reasonable to syntheses these studies to improve the efficiency of the conservation efforts in preserving biodiversity of the tropics and develop a concrete evidence base on the impact of invasive species which will provide unbiased scientific evidence base to help decision-makers to decide and implement necessary policy intervention to stop further invasion of the tropical biodiversity and identify areas where evidence is lacking to direct research and funding on more crucial agendas. Objective of the review Primary question What are the effects of invasive plants on biodiversity of the tropical zone? Table 1: Definition of components of the primary systematic review question Subject Intervention Comparator Outcomes Biodiversity in the tropical zone Invasion by invasive plant species in tropical zone Biodiversity in forest, savannas or grassland before the invasion or any relevant or any relevant Any reported change in tropical biodiversity e.g. Species richness, abundance of native plant species, tree density Methods 3.1. Search Strategy Relevant published and unpublished literature and data will be collated by following strategy. Due to the resource constraints only English language literatures will be taken into consideration. 3.1.1 Scope of search I will use the following database search to retrieve the literatures and data ISI Web of Knowledge Science Direct Wiley InterScience Cambridge Journal Cab Direct CSA Biological Sciences Database (CSA/CIG)   BIOTROPICA In addition to grey literatures are searched in the website of relevant organization as listed in section 3.1.5 which helps to reveal important information about the tropical forestry and invasive species interaction. First searches are conducted on title, keyword and abstract basis and followed by full text searches. Hits are then checked for the relevance. 3.1.2 Search terms Effective and comprehensive list of related key words as described in the table -2 will be used to retrieve the literatures from the database specified above. Table 2: Search terms for review Subject term Intervention term combine with OR AND combine with OR Tropic* biodiversity Species richness Invas* plant non native plant exotic plant alien plant introduced plant Search term combinations Table: 3 Search term combinations and no of hits Key word 1 Key word 2 Total hits (Topic search) Refined hits in Web of science Tropic* biodiversity AND Invas* plant 54 Tropic* biodiversity AND Non native plant 32 Tropic* biodiversity AND exotic plant 74 Tropic* biodiversity AND alien plant 63 Tropic* biodiversity AND non-indigenous plant 07 Tropic* Species richness AND Invas* plant 38 Tropic* Species richness AND Non native plant 30 Tropic* Species richness AND exotic plant 60 Tropic* Species richness AND alien plant 34 Tropic* Species richness AND non-indigenous plant 04 tropical biodiversity AND (exotic plant) OR (invasive plant) OR(non native plant) OR (non indigenous plant) 7,109 425 No of hits and the retrieval of relevant literature varies between the data base searches, in the above table hits obtained by web of science is mentioned as an example. The same search tem combination give quite different hit in another database search, for example, for the first search term [tropic*biodiversity AND invas*plant] Cab direct retrieved 56 articles. In addition to the web of science the search databases mentioned in section 3.1.1 have been used in the preparation of this protocol and will also be used in final systematic review. 3.1.3 Specialist web sources will be conducted www.conservationevidence.com www.conserveOnline.org www.conservationevidence.org www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov 3.1.4. Internet Search The internet will be searched using the search engines. The first 70 hits for each search will be recorded and examined for relevance. www.google.com www.scholar.google.com www.scirus.com www.scientific.thomsonwebplus.com 3.1.5 Specialist agencies and organization data search At global level: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) IUCN/Invasive species specials group CABI- invasive species compendium Convention on biological diversity (CBD) International Weed Science Society (IWSS) UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) Global Invasive Species Information Network (GISIN) Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) In addition to this regional level agencies and organization in tropical countries will also consulted. Asia: Association of Southeast Asian Nations , Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation (ARCBC) Invasive Alien Flora of India Weed Science Society of Japan Weed Science Society of China Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species Network (APFISN Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species Network (APFISN) Australia: Invasive Species Council South America: Inter-American Biodiversity Information Network IABN Invasive Information Network 3.2. Study Inclusion criteria The relevant studies (articles, literatures, book sections) to be included in meta-analysis will be based in hierarchical judgment by first scanning the article titles followed by key words, abstracts and full text. The relevancy is determined by criteria as described below. If the data presented in the studies are not clear and needed to take more detailed description original authors and their respective organization will be contracted. Kappa analysis will be carried out for repeatability. Disputes between two reviewers will be solved by third independent reviewer. Geographical location: Study area of the relevant studies should be within the tropics (23.438 °S to 137 23.438 °N). 3.2.1. Relevant subjects: Any studies related to biodiversity changes in the tropical zone because of invasive plant species. 3.2.2. Types of intervention: Invasion of the tropical zone (forest land, agriculture land, grass land or savannas) by invasive plant species 3.2.3. Types of comparators: Any relevant studies and studies comparing the biodiversity of the tropical zone assessing before and after the effect of invasive plant species 3.2.4. Types of outcomes: Any study which shows biodiversity change (indicators like relative species richness or abundance) 3.2.5. Types of studies: Any study which describes qualitatively or quantitatively the effect of invasive plant species in the biodiversity (species richness, abundance) in forest land, grassland. Range land, agriculture land, savannas. Those studies which present comparison of before and after the invasion or the comparison of the proportion of exotic species to native species will be included. Studies can be articles in peer reviewed journals, book chapters or grey literatures 3.3. Potential effect modifier and reasons for heterogeneity Different edaphic, biotic, topographic and climatic condition which governs the vegetation type of the tropics such as soil quality, altitude, aspects, forest types and intensity of human disturbances which may respond to plant invasions in different ways affect the study outcomes. Furthermore, the biological characteristics of the invasive species also affect the study. 3.4. Study quality assessment The searched articles, grey literatures and documents will be assesses according to the previously designed study inclusion criteria. These are then checked independently for validity, reliability and applicability. A Quality assessment checklist is developed as shown below with the consultation of the review team and will be amended after stakeholders feedbacks. Internal and external validity will be checked using a set of criteria. Table 4: Quality assessment checklist for checking validity, reliability and applicability Variables Yes No 1 Target population and intervention defined 2 Sample representative 3 Experimental design/randomization 4 Base line information 5 Valid data collection 6 Description of confounding factors 7 Applicability of the research 8 Any biases Source: Adapted from class notes, 2010 and literature review 3.5. Data extraction strategy Qualitative and quantities information will be extracted from the studies included for the review. Information on invasive species, their effects on tropical biodiversity (species richness, abundance and competition) will be extracted in to a specially designed extraction form as shown in annex-1. Where data are available, data will be extracted as before and after data and other data will be extracted as appropriate. 3.6. Data synthesis and presentation Data synthesis method will be determined by the availability of the data and data type. The studies will be grouped according to the type of information available e.g. review article, original research. If sufficient quantitative information is available meta-analysis will be conducted to know the significance of the effect of invasive plant species to the tropical biodiversity. If in sufficient quantitative information is available qualitative analysis of evidence will be undertaken.

Maturing In The Faith :: essays research papers

In the course of reading Chapter 1 of our book, I came across something that I have known all along but taken for granted, as though it was not more important than my upcoming doctor’s appointment. It is the simple yet breaking fact that I do not know what I believe in, or rather, I know what I believe, but I don’t exactly know why I believe. And I am not alone in my plight. Most Filipinos, unfortunately, are guilty of this folly. We all have faith in God, not because we know the Sacred Scriptures to the letter, not because we know and live the Word. We believe because, quite simply put, we were brought up in Catholic households, and educated in Catholic schools, and what sticks to our minds is that to be a good Christian, we must have faith in God. We get too extreme about it at times and take things too literally that we miss too many points. To be fair, our faith is “genuine';, as the book also said. We truly believe in God and we all try to live as good Catholics: mass every Sunday, rosary with the family every night, we go to confession and retreats, and we pray when we wake in the morning and before going to bed. But sadly, other than those “routine'; elements of being Christian, most of us do not really understand what the Bible says, or what the priests are preaching, or what really is the will of God. Neither do we involve ourselves with other people who are part of the Church. Not to mention, how we seem to think less of non-Catholics, instead of trying to share what we are all supposed to know, the Word of God. A friend told me about a conversation he had, the other person saying that non-Christians will never enter the kingdom of God. He was dead serious when he said this, which made me wonder if we, in fact, are better than the non-believers, or if we are any different at all. I can say with a clear conscience, because I believe it to be true, that I have faith in God. What I cannot reconcile myself with, is the undeniable fact that I lack insight into what I believe in. I will not be able to go out and tell another person about how the Spirit liberates me, because even as I know this, I do not completely understand it.